Tutorial by Examples: a

An if statement checks whether a Bool condition is true: let num = 10 if num == 10 { // Code inside this block only executes if the condition was true. print("num is 10") } let condition = num == 10 // condition's type is Bool if condition { print("num is 10&...

Optionals must be unwrapped before they can be used in most expressions. if let is an optional binding, which succeeds if the optional value was not nil: let num: Int? = 10 // or: let num: Int? = nil if let unwrappedNum = num { // num has type Int?; unwrappedNum has type Int print(&quo...

To allow the use of in for custom classes the class must either provide the magic method __contains__ or, failing that, an __iter__-method. Suppose you have a class containing a list of lists: class ListList: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value # Create a set of al...

var favoriteColors: Set = ["Red", "Blue", "Green"] //favoriteColors = {"Blue", "Green", "Red"} You can use the insert(_:) method to add a new item into a set. favoriteColors.insert("Orange") //favoriteColors = {"Red&q...

from collections import Counter c = Counter(["a", "b", "c", "d", "a", "b", "a", "c", "d"]) c # Out: Counter({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 2, 'd': 2}) c["a"] # Out: 3 c[7] # not in the list (7 oc...

Counting the keys of a Mapping isn't possible with collections.Counter but we can count the values: from collections import Counter adict = {'a': 5, 'b': 3, 'c': 5, 'd': 2, 'e':2, 'q': 5} Counter(adict.values()) # Out: Counter({2: 2, 3: 1, 5: 3}) The most common elements are avaiable by the m...

alist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 1, 3, 4] alist.count(1) # Out: 3 atuple = ('bear', 'weasel', 'bear', 'frog') atuple.count('bear') # Out: 2 atuple.count('fox') # Out: 0

astring = 'thisisashorttext' astring.count('t') # Out: 4 This works even for substrings longer than one character: astring.count('th') # Out: 1 astring.count('is') # Out: 2 astring.count('text') # Out: 1 which would not be possible with collections.Counter which only counts single char...

var favoriteColors: Set = ["Red", "Blue", "Green"] //favoriteColors = {"Blue", "Green", "Red"} You can use the contains(_:) method to check whether a set contains a value. It will return true if the set contains that value. if favorite...

Anonymous functions are functions that are defined but not assigned a name. The following is an anonymous function that takes in two integers and returns the sum. (x: Int, y: Int) => x + y The resultant expression can be assigned to a val: val sum = (x: Int, y: Int) => x + y Anonymous...

To load jQuery from the official CDN, go to the jQuery website. You'll see a list of different versions and formats available. Now, copy the source of the version of jQuery, you want to load. Suppose, you want to load jQuery 2.X, click uncompressed or minified tag which will show you something li...

class MultiIndexingList: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __repr__(self): return repr(self.value) def __getitem__(self, item): if isinstance(item, (int, slice)): return self.__class__(self.value[item]) r...

Import the ElementTree object, open the relevant .xml file and get the root tag: import xml.etree.ElementTree as ET tree = ET.parse("yourXMLfile.xml") root = tree.getroot() There are a few ways to search through the tree. First is by iteration: for child in root: print(child.ta...

(Note: All examples using let are also valid for const) var is available in all versions of JavaScript, while let and const are part of ECMAScript 6 and only available in some newer browsers. var is scoped to the containing function or the global space, depending when it is declared: var x = 4; /...

By default, a Date object is created as local time. This is not always desirable, for example when communicating a date between a server and a client that do not reside in the same timezone. In this scenario, one doesn't want to worry about timezones at all until the date needs to be displayed in lo...

A very simple way to import data from many common file formats is with rio. This package provides a function import() that wraps many commonly used data import functions, thereby providing a standard interface. It works simply by passing a file name or URL to import(): import("example.csv&quot...

Java SE 7 As the try-catch-final statement example illustrates, resource cleanup using a finally clause requires a significant amount of "boiler-plate" code to implement the edge-cases correctly. Java 7 provides a much simpler way to deal with this problem in the form of the try-with-res...

Employ the EAFP coding style and try to open it. import errno try: with open(path) as f: # File exists except IOError as e: # Raise the exception if it is not ENOENT (No such file or directory) if e.errno != errno.ENOENT: raise # No such file or directory ...

Final classes When used in a class declaration, the final modifier prevents other classes from being declared that extend the class. A final class is a "leaf" class in the inheritance class hierarchy. // This declares a final class final class MyFinalClass { /* some code */ } ...

Convert to String var date1 = new Date(); date1.toString(); Returns: "Fri Apr 15 2016 07:48:48 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time)" Convert to Time String var date1 = new Date(); date1.toTimeString(); Returns: "07:48:48 GMT-0400 (Eastern Daylight Time)" Conve...