Tutorial by Examples

Predicates that produce side effects leave the realm of pure logic. These are for example: writeq/1 read/1 format/2 Side effects are phenomena that cannot be reasoned about within the program. For example, deletion of a file or output on the system terminal.

Predicates that reason about instantiations are called meta-logical. Examples are: var/1 ground/1 integer/1 These predicates are outside the realm of pure monotonic logic programs, because they break properties like commutativity of conjunction. Other predicates that are meta-logical includ...

Predicates that reason about all solutions are extra-logical. These are for example: setof/3 findall/3 bagof/3

Predicates that impede or prohibit a declarative reading of Prolog programs are extra-logical. Examples of such predicates are: !/0 (->)/2 and if-then-else (\+)/1 These predicates can only be understood procedurally, by taking into account the actual control flow of the interpreter, and a...