Tutorial by Examples: r

XML pre-defines five general entities that can be used without declaring them: & " ' < > They are associated with the names amp, quot, apos, lt and gt. <?xml version="1.0"?> <entities> & is an ampersand. " is a quote. ' is...

It is possible to define one's own general entities. The declaration occurs in the DTD subset, with a name and the associated replacement text. It can then be used in the document using the entity reference syntax &...;, either in text, or in attribute values. <?xml version="1.0"?...

Show the changes between the tip of new and the tip of original: git diff original new # equivalent to original..new Show all changes on new since it branched from original: git diff original...new # equivalent to $(git merge-base original new)..new Using only one parameter such as ...

This is the most basic version of a trait in Scala. trait Identifiable { def getIdentifier: String def printIndentification(): Unit = println(getIdentifier) } case class Puppy(id: String, name: String) extends Identifiable { def getIdentifier: String = s"$name has id $id" } ...

Bash indirection permits to get the value of a variable whose name is contained in another variable. Variables example: $ red="the color red" $ green="the color green" $ color=red $ echo "${!color}" the color red $ color=green $ echo "${!color}" the ...

The semantics for this are similar to that of default value substitution, but instead of substituting a default value, it errors out with the provided error message. The forms are ${VARNAME?ERRMSG} and ${VARNAME:?ERRMSG}. The form with : will error our if the variable is unset or empty, whereas the ...

1. URLByDeletingPathExtension: If the receiver represents the root path, this property contains a copy of the original URL. If the URL has multiple path extensions, only the last one is removed. 2. URLByAppendingPathExtension: Returns a new URL made by appending a path extension to the original U...

The figure contains all the plot elements. The main way to create a figure in matplotlib is to use pyplot. import matplotlib.pyplot as plt fig = plt.figure() You can optionally supply a number, which you can use to access a previously-created figure. If a number is not supplied, the last-create...

To create a JAR containing all of its dependencies, it is possible to use the built-in descriptor format jar-with-dependencies. The following example configures an execution of the Assembly Plugin bound to the package phase, using this built-in descriptor and declaring a main class of com.example: ...

Shortest match: $ a='I am a string' $ echo "${a#*a}" m a string Longest match: $ echo "${a##*a}" string

Shortest match: $ a='I am a string' $ echo "${a%a*}" I am Longest match: $ echo "${a%%a*}" I

First match: $ a='I am a string' $ echo "${a/a/A}" I Am a string All matches: $ echo "${a//a/A}" I Am A string Match at the beginning: $ echo "${a/#I/y}" y am a string Match at the end: $ echo "${a/%g/N}" I am a strinN Replace a pattern wi...

Project Object Model is the basic unit of Maven and defines the project structure, dependencies, etc. The following are very minimal to create a POM: project root modelVersion – should be set to 4.0.0 groupId – the ID of the project's group artifactId – the ID of the artifact (project) versi...

Inheritance is the biggest asset of the POM, where the following can be managed from super POM to child POM. dependencies developers and contributors plugin lists (including reports) plugin executions with matching ids plugin configuration The following enables the inheritance <paren...

The modules of a multi-module project are aggregated from a hierarchical structure. The root pom packing should look like: <packaging>pom</packaging> The following will be the directory structure of the project: |-- sample-app \ `-- pom.xml |-- sample-module-1 | `--...

In [15]: df = pd.DataFrame({"A":[1,1,2,3,1,1],"B":[5,4,3,4,6,7]}) In [21]: df Out[21]: A B 0 1 5 1 1 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 1 6 5 1 7 To get unique values in column A and B. In [22]: df["A"].unique() Out[22]: array([1, 2, 3]) In [23]: df[&qu...

Creates a image representing a linear gradient of colors. linear-gradient( 0deg, red, yellow 50%, blue); This creates a gradient going from bottom to top, with colors starting at red, then yellow at 50%, and finishing in blue.

For checking whether some object is of a certain class, the (binary) instanceof operator can be used since PHP version 5. The first (left) parameter is the object to test. If this variable is not an object, instanceof always returns false. If a constant expression is used, an error is thrown. The ...

An operator can be used to manipulate the flow of objects from Observable to Subscriber. Observable<Integer> integerObservable = Observable.just(1, 2, 3); // creating a simple Integer observable Subscriber<String> mSubscriber = new Subscriber<String>() { @Override publi...

Following example illustrate the simplest Hello World in groovy using script, place the following code snippet in a file, say helloWorld.groovy println 'Hello World!' How to execute: In the command line, groovy helloWorld.groovy Output: Hello World!