Tutorial by Examples: s

Accessing Values

Individual values of a hash are read and written using the [] and []= methods: my_hash = { length: 4, width: 5 } my_hash[:length] #=> => 4 my_hash[:height] = 9 my_hash #=> {:length => 4, :width => 5, :height => 9 } By default, accessing a key which has not been added t...

Ruby Language • Hashes

Setting Default Values

By default, attempting to lookup the value for a key which does not exist will return nil. You can optionally specify some other value to return (or an action to take) when the hash is accessed with a non-existent key. Although this is referred to as "the default value", it need not be a s...

Ruby Language • Hashes

`load` vs `loads`, `dump` vs `dumps`

The json module contains functions for both reading and writing to and from unicode strings, and reading and writing to and from files. These are differentiated by a trailing s in the function name. In these examples we use a StringIO object, but the same functions would apply for any file-like obje...

Python Language • JSON Module

Basic Slicing

For any iterable (for eg. a string, list, etc), Python allows you to slice and return a substring or sublist of its data. Format for slicing: iterable_name[start:stop:step] where, start is the first index of the slice. Defaults to 0 (the index of the first element) stop one past the last in...

Python Language • Indexing and Slicing

Making a shallow copy of an array

A quick way to make a copy of an array (as opposed to assigning a variable with another reference to the original array) is: arr[:] Let's examine the syntax. [:] means that start, end, and slice are all omitted. They default to 0, len(arr), and 1, respectively, meaning that subarray that we are ...

Python Language • Indexing and Slicing

Reversing an object

You can use slices to very easily reverse a str, list, or tuple (or basically any collection object that implements slicing with the step parameter). Here is an example of reversing a string, although this applies equally to the other types listed above: s = 'reverse me!' s[::-1] # '!em esrever...

Python Language • Indexing and Slicing

Sending objects to a generator

In addition to receiving values from a generator, it is possible to send an object to a generator using the send() method. def accumulator(): total = 0 value = None while True: # receive sent value value = yield total if value is None: break # aggr...

Python Language • Generators

Generator expressions

It's possible to create generator iterators using a comprehension-like syntax. generator = (i * 2 for i in range(3)) next(generator) # 0 next(generator) # 2 next(generator) # 4 next(generator) # raises StopIteration If a function doesn't necessarily need to be passed a list, you can sa...

Python Language • Generators

External Stylesheet

An external CSS stylesheet can be applied to any number of HTML documents by placing a <link> element in each HTML document. The attribute rel of the <link> tag has to be set to "stylesheet", and the href attribute to the relative or absolute path to the stylesheet. While usin...

CSS • Getting started with CSS

Get Started

Download Xcode from the Mac App Store. Click to create a new project or playground:

Xcode • Getting started with Xcode

Getting Started

Create a new HTML file and paste the following content: <!DOCTYPE html> <html ng-app> <head> <title>Hello, Angular</title> <script src="https://code.angularjs.org/1.5.8/angular.min.js"></script> </head> <body ng-init="name=...

AngularJS • Getting started with AngularJS

Extract the URLs and titles of links

Jsoup can be be used to easily extract all links from a webpage. In this case, we can use Jsoup to extract only specific links we want, here, ones in a h3 header on a page. We can also get the text of the links. Document doc = Jsoup.connect("http://stackoverflow.com").userAgent("Mozi...

Jsoup • Getting started with Jsoup

Using CSS transform

CSS transforms are based on the size of the elements so if you don't know how tall or wide your element is, you can position it absolutely 50% from the top and left of a relative container and translate it by 50% left and upwards to center it vertically and horizontally. Keep in mind that with this...

CSS • Centering

Hello World Using Variables

Create a new file called hello.sh with the following content and give it executable permissions with chmod +x hello.sh. Execute/Run via: ./hello.sh #!/usr/bin/env bash # Note that spaces cannot be used around the `=` assignment operator whom_variable="World" # Use printf to sa...

Bash • Getting started with Bash

Subtraction

a, b = 1, 2 # Using the "-" operator: b - a # = 1 import operator # contains 2 argument arithmetic functions operator.sub(b, a) # = 1 Possible combinations (builtin types): int and int (gives an int) int and float (gives a float) int and comp...

Python Language • Simple Mathematical Operators

Getting Started

Creating a database in MySQL CREATE DATABASE mydb; Return value: Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec) Using the created database mydb USE mydb; Return value: Database Changed Creating a table in MySQL CREATE TABLE mytable ( id int unsigned NOT NULL auto_increme...

MySQL • Getting started with MySQL

Division

Python does integer division when both operands are integers. The behavior of Python's division operators have changed from Python 2.x and 3.x (see also Integer Division ). a, b, c, d, e = 3, 2, 2.0, -3, 10 Python 2.x2.7 In Python 2 the result of the ' / ' operator depends on the type of the nu...

Python Language • Simple Mathematical Operators

Logarithms

By default, the math.log function calculates the logarithm of a number, base e. You can optionally specify a base as the second argument. import math import cmath math.log(5) # = 1.6094379124341003 # optional base argument. Default is math.e math.log(5, math.e) # = 1.6094379124341003 ...

Python Language • Simple Mathematical Operators

Using a generator to find Fibonacci Numbers

A practical use case of a generator is to iterate through values of an infinite series. Here's an example of finding the first ten terms of the Fibonacci Sequence. def fib(a=0, b=1): """Generator that yields Fibonacci numbers. `a` and `b` are the seed values""" ...

Python Language • Generators