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compile built-in function can be used to precompile an expression to a code object; this code object can then be passed to eval. This will speed up the repeated executions of the evaluated code. The 3rd parameter to compile needs to be the string 'eval'. >>> code = compile('a * b + c', '&l...

>>> variables = {'a': 6, 'b': 7} >>> eval('a * b', globals=variables) 42 As a plus, with this the code cannot accidentally refer to the names defined outside: >>> eval('variables') {'a': 6, 'b': 7} >>> eval('variables', globals=variables) Traceback (most ...

You can fetch the current properties of the Annotation by using Reflection to fetch the Method or Field or Class which has an Annotation applied to it, and then fetching the desired properties. @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @interface MyAnnotation { String key() default "foo";...

As the static keyword is used for accessing fields and methods without an instantiated class, it can be used to declare constants for use in other classes. These variables will remain constant across every instantiation of the class. By convention, static variables are always ALL_CAPS and use unders...

You can get rid of manage.py and use the django-admin command instead. To do so, you will have to manually do what manage.py does: Add your project path to your PYTHONPATH Set the DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE export PYTHONPATH="/home/me/path/to/your_project" export DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE...

IList<T> is never a subtype of a different IList<T1>. IList is invariant in its type parameter. class Animal { /* ... */ } class Dog : Animal { /* ... */ } IList<Dog> dogs = new List<Dog>(); IList<Animal> animals = dogs; // type error There is no subtype relat...

If you have a vsix file, you can install it by running the file. Get the vsix file (this is the extension installer) Run the file. In the window that opens, confirm the installation.

In Visual studio go to Tools > Extensions and updates... In the window that opens go to online Select Visual Studio Gallery You can search for an extension on the search box at the upper right corner Select the extension you want to add Click on download. Once download is complete, click...

Interfaces may have variant type parameters. interface IEnumerable<out T> { // ... } interface IComparer<in T> { // ... } but classes and structures may not class BadClass<in T1, out T2> // not allowed { } struct BadStruct<in T1, out T2> // not allo...

In a non-strict-mode scope, when a variable is assigned without being initialized with the var, const or the let keyword, it is automatically declared in the global scope: a = 12; console.log(a); // 12 In strict mode however, any access to an undeclared variable will throw a reference error: &...

Differences in subsetting syntax A data.table is one of several two-dimensional data structures available in R, besides data.frame, matrix and (2D) array. All of these classes use a very similar but not identical syntax for subsetting, the A[rows, cols] schema. Consider the following data stored i...

Delegates may have variant type parameters. delegate void Action<in T>(T t); // T is an input delegate T Func<out T>(); // T is an output delegate T2 Func<in T1, out T2>(); // T1 is an input, T2 is an output This follows from the Liskov Substitution Principle, w...

Category theory is a modern mathematical theory and a branch of abstract algebra focused on the nature of connectedness and relation. It is useful for giving solid foundations and common language to many highly reusable programming abstractions. Haskell uses Category theory as inspiration for some o...

You can choose between major distributions of LaTeX: TeX Live (Windows, Linux, and OS X), the standard, cross-platform distribution. MacTeX (Mac) A packaged version of TeX Live made for OS X with some Mac-specific tools MiKTeX (Windows) A separate distribution entirely that All distributions...

If a covariant type appears as an output, the containing type is covariant. Producing a producer of Ts is like producing Ts. interface IReturnCovariant<out T> { IEnumerable<T> GetTs(); } If a contravariant type appears as an output, the containing type is contravariant. Produc...

Unity works with hierarchies in order to keep your project organized. You can assign objects a place in the hierarchy using the editor but you can also do this through code. Parenting You can set an object's parent with the following methods var other = GetOtherGameObject(); other.transform.Se...

In oracle, the difference (in days and/or fractions thereof) between two DATEs can be found using subtraction: SELECT DATE '2016-03-23' - DATE '2015-12-25' AS difference FROM DUAL; Outputs the number of days between the two dates: DIFFERENCE ---------- 89 And: SELECT TO_DATE( '201...

Our example array: arr=(a b c d e f) Using a for..in loop: for i in "${arr[@]}"; do echo "$i" done 2.04 Using C-style for loop: for ((i=0;i<${#arr[@]};i++)); do echo "${arr[$i]}" done Using while loop: i=0 while [ $i -lt ${#arr[@]} ]; do...

The MEDIAN function since Oracle 10g is an easy to use aggregation function: SELECT MEDIAN(SAL) FROM EMP It returns the median of the values Works on DATETIME values too. The result of MEDIAN is computed by first ordering the rows. Using N as the number of rows in the group, Oracle calcula...

Enum classes can also declare members (i.e. properties and functions). A semicolon (;) must be placed between the last enum object and the first member declaration. If a member is abstract, the enum objects must implement it. enum class Color { RED { override val rgb: Int = 0xFF0000 ...