When executing a search, it will be broadcast to all the index/indices shards (round robin between replicas). Which shards will be searched on can be controlled by providing the routing parameter. For example, when indexing tweets, the routing value can be the user name:
curl -XPOST 'localhost:9200/twitter/tweet?routing=kimchy&pretty' -d'
{
"user" : "kimchy",
"postDate" : "2009-11-15T14:12:12",
"message" : "trying out Elasticsearch"
}'