Tutorial by Examples: a

__construct() is the most common magic method in PHP, because it is used to set up a class when it is initialized. The opposite of the __construct() method is the __destruct() method. This method is called when there are no more references to an object that you created or when you force its deletion...

When contributors add to a project from different machines or operating systems, it may happen that they use different email addresses or names for this, which will fragment contributor lists and statistics. Running git shortlog -sn to get a list of contributors and the number of commits by them co...

Props are used to transfer data from parent to child component. Props are read only. Child component can only get the props passed from parent using this.props.keyName. Using props one can make his component reusable.

Generally speaking, empty commits (or commits with state that is identical to the parent) is an error. However, when testing build hooks, CI systems, and other systems that trigger off a commit, it's handy to be able to easily create commits without having to edit/touch a dummy file. The --allow-e...

It's a very common extension that allows type classes with multiple type parameters. You can think of MPTC as a relation between types. {-# LANGUAGE MultiParamTypeClasses #-} class Convertable a b where convert :: a -> b instance Convertable Int Float where convert i = fromIntegr...

Regular instances require: All instance types must be of the form (T a1 ... an) where a1 ... an are *distinct type variables*, and each type variable appears at most once in the instance head. That means that, for example, while you can create an instance for [a] you can't create an instance f...

Normally, string literals in Haskell have a type of String (which is a type alias for [Char]). While this isn't a problem for smaller, educational programs, real-world applications often require more efficient storage such as Text or ByteString. OverloadedStrings simply changes the type of literals...

An extension that allows you to use Unicode characters in lieu of certain built-in operators and names. ASCIIUnicodeUse(s)::∷has type->→function types, lambdas, case branches, etc.=>⇒class constraintsforall∀explicit polymorphism<-←do notation*★the type (or kind) of types (e.g., Int :: ★)&g...

Standard Haskell allows you to write integer literals in decimal (without any prefix), hexadecimal (preceded by 0x or 0X), and octal (preceded by 0o or 0O). The BinaryLiterals extension adds the option of binary (preceded by 0b or 0B). 0b1111 == 15 -- evaluates to: True

This is a type system extension that allows types that are existentially quantified, or, in other words, have type variables that only get instantiated at runtime†. A value of existential type is similar to an abstract-base-class reference in OO languages: you don't know the exact type in contains,...

With this fundamental workflow model, a master branch contains all active development. Contributors will need to be especially sure they pull the latest changes before continuing development, for this branch will be changing rapidly. Everyone has access to this repo and can commit changes right to t...

Database transactions ensure that a set of data changes will only be made permanent if every statement is successful. Any query or code failure during a transaction can be caught and you then have the option to roll back the attempted changes. PDO provides simple methods for beginning, committing,...

In this example, documentation for the local function baz (defined in foo.m) can be accessed either by the resulting link in help foo, or directly through help foo>baz. function bar = foo %This is documentation for FOO. % See also foo>baz % This wont be printed, because there is a line w...

On OS X and MacOS, Elixir can be installed via the common package managers: Homebrew $ brew update $ brew install elixir Macports $ sudo port install elixir

Strings in Elixir are "binaries". However, in Erlang code, strings are traditionally "char lists", so when calling Erlang functions, you may have to use char lists instead of regular Elixir strings. While regular strings are written using double quotes ", char lists are wr...

map is a function in functional programming which given a list and a function, returns a new list with the function applied to each item in that list. In Elixir, the map/2 function is in the Enum module. iex> Enum.map([1, 2, 3, 4], fn(x) -> x + 1 end) [2, 3, 4, 5] Using the alternative c...

As seen in "Lambda Functions", functions can take other functions as a parameter. The "function type" which you'll need to declare functions which take other functions is as follows: # Takes no parameters and returns anything () -> Any? # Takes a string and an integer a...

Lambda functions are anonymous functions which are usually created during a function call to act as a function parameter. They are declared by surrounding expressions with {braces} - if arguments are needed, these are put before an arrow ->. { name: String -> "Your name is $name&q...

Functions are declared using the fun keyword, followed by a function name and any parameters. You can also specify the return type of a function, which defaults to Unit. The body of the function is enclosed in braces {}. If the return type is other than Unit, the body must issue a return statement ...

If a function contains just one expression, we can omit the brace brackets and use an equals instead, like a variable assignment. The result of the expression is returned automatically. fun sayMyName(name: String): String = "Your name is $name"