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Improper Inheritance Lets say there are 2 classes class Foo and Bar. Foo has two features Do1 and Do2. Bar needs to use Do1 from Foo, but it doesn't need Do2 or needs feature that is equivalent to Do2 but does something completely different. Bad way: make Do2() on Foo virtual then override it in B...

C# developers get a lot of null reference exceptions to deal with. F# developers don't because they have the Option type. An Option<> type (some prefer Maybe<> as a name) provides a Some and a None return type. It makes it explicit that a method may be about to return a null record. For...

One of Angular's strength's is client-side form validation. Dealing with traditional form inputs and having to use interrogative jQuery-style processing can be time-consuming and finicky. Angular allows you to produce professional interactive forms relatively easily. The ng-model directive provide...

2009 uses Character; var C1, C2: Char; begin C1 := 'F'; C2 := ToLower(C1); // Convert the char to lower-case C1 := ToUpper(C2); // Convert the char to upper-case The uses clause should be System.Character if version is XE2 or above.

The assignment operator = sets thr left hand operand's value to the value of right hand operand, and return that value: int a = 3; // assigns value 3 to variable a int b = a = 5; // first assigns value 5 to variable a, then does the same for variable b Console.WriteLine(a = 3 + 4); // prints ...

To display "Some Text", use the command: echo Some Text This will output the string Some Text followed by a new line. To display the strings On and Off (case insensitive) or the empty string, use a ( instead of white-space: echo(ON echo( echo(off This will output: ON off ...

Sometimes you may need additional features from a directive. Instead of rewriting (copy) the directive, you can modify how the directive behaves. The decorator will be executed during $inject phase. To do so, provde a .config to your module. The directive is called myDirective, so you have to con...

Angular js directives can be nested or be made interoperable. In this example, directive Adir exposes to directive Bdir it's controller $scope, since Bdir requires Adir. angular.module('myApp',[]).directive('Adir', function () { return { restrict: 'AE', controlle...

enum Util { /* No instances */; public static int clamp(int min, int max, int i) { return Math.min(Math.max(i, min), max); } // other utility methods... } Just as enum can be used for singletons (1 instance classes), it can be used for utility classes (0 instance...

Imagine that we have a class Math.php with logic of calculating of fiobanacci and factorial numbers. Something like this: <?php class Math { public function fibonacci($n) { if (is_int($n) && $n > 0) { $elements = array(); $elements[1] = 1; ...

install the required Microsoft.SqlServer.Types assembly; they are not installed by default, and are available from Microsoft here as "Microsoft® System CLR Types for Microsoft® SQL Server® 2012" - note that there are separate installers for x86 and x64. install Dapper.EntityFramew...

Once the type handlers are registered, everything should work automatically, and you should be able to use these types as either parameters or return values: string redmond = "POINT (122.1215 47.6740)"; DbGeography point = DbGeography.PointFromText(redmond, DbGeography.DefaultCoordi...

When using Access you can retrieve data using queries. These queries are built using Structured Query Language (SQL). Understanding SQL is important because it can help build better, more useful queries. When creating queries in Access, you can switch to "SQL View". An example of a "...

The http_build_query() will create a query string from an array or object. These strings can be appended to a URL to create a GET request, or used in a POST request with, for example, cURL. $parameters = array( 'parameter1' => 'foo', 'parameter2' => 'bar', ); $queryString = http_b...

Basic usage If the value of the href-attribute begins with mailto: it will try to open an email client on click: <a href="mailto:[email protected]">Send email</a> This will put the email address [email protected] as the recipient for the newly created email. Cc and ...

<PropertyGroup> <!-- Definition of a Property named "TestCondition". A PropertyGroup may also be placed inside a Target. --> <TestCondition>True</TestCondition> </PropertyGroup> <!-- This Target will run after the "Clean" Target, su...

There is a constructor of the same name: DT <- data.table( x = letters[1:5], y = 1:5, z = (1:5) > 3 ) # x y z # 1: a 1 FALSE # 2: b 2 FALSE # 3: c 3 FALSE # 4: d 4 TRUE # 5: e 5 TRUE Unlike data.frame, data.table will not coerce strings to factors by default: sa...

We can read from a text file: dt <- fread("my_file.csv") Unlike read.csv, fread will read strings as strings, not as factors by default. See the [topic on fread][need_a_link] for more examples.

For efficiency, data.table offers a way of altering a data.frame or list to make a data.table in-place: # example data.frame DF = data.frame(x = letters[1:5], y = 1:5, z = (1:5) > 3) # modification setDT(DF) Note that we do not <- assign the result, since the object DF has been modifi...

# example data DT1 = data.table(x = letters[1:2], y = 1:2, z = (1:2) > 3) Due to the way data.tables are manipulated, DT2 <- DT1 will not make a copy. That is, later modifications to the columns or other attributes of DT2 will affect DT1 as well. When you want a real copy, use DT2 = copy(...