Tutorial by Examples: u

When we talk about the GC and the "heap", we're really talking about what's called the managed heap. Objects on the managed heap can access resources not on the managed heap, for example, when writing to or reading from a file. Unexpected behavior can occur when, a file is opened for readi...

It is possible to specify whether or not the type argument should be a reference type or a value type by using the respective constraints class or struct. If these constraints are used, they must be defined before all other constraints (for example a parent type or new()) can be listed. // TRef mus...

A method can declare any number of parameters (in this example, i, s and o are the parameters): static void DoSomething(int i, string s, object o) { Console.WriteLine(String.Format("i={0}, s={1}, o={2}", i, s, o)); } Parameters can be used to pass values into a method, so that th...

A method can return either nothing (void), or a value of a specified type: // If you don't want to return a value, use void as return type. static void ReturnsNothing() { Console.WriteLine("Returns nothing"); } // If you want to return a value, you need to specify its type. st...

You can use default parameters if you want to provide the option to leave out parameters: static void SaySomething(string what = "ehh") { Console.WriteLine(what); } static void Main() { // prints "hello" SaySomething("hello"); // prints &quot...

The yield keyword is used to define a function which returns an IEnumerable or IEnumerator (as well as their derived generic variants) whose values are generated lazily as a caller iterates over the returned collection. Read more about the purpose in the remarks section. The following example has a...

public IEnumerable<User> SelectUsers() { // Execute an SQL query on a database. using (IDataReader reader = this.Database.ExecuteReader(CommandType.Text, "SELECT Id, Name FROM Users")) { while (reader.Read()) { int id = reader.GetInt32(0...

class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { // Run 2 Tasks. var task1 = Task.Run(() => PerformAction(1))); var task2 = Task.Run(() => PerformAction(2))); // Wait (i.e. block this thread) until both Tasks are complete. Task.WaitA...

Typically lambdas are used for defining simple functions (generally in the context of a linq expression): var incremented = myEnumerable.Select(x => x + 1); Here the return is implicit. However, it is also possible to pass actions as lambdas: myObservable.Do(x => Console.WriteLine(x)); ...

An iterator method is not executed until the return value is enumerated. It's therefore advantageous to assert preconditions outside of the iterator. public static IEnumerable<int> Count(int start, int count) { // The exception will throw when the method is called, not when the result i...

Use parentheses around the expression to the left of the => operator to indicate multiple parameters. delegate int ModifyInt(int input1, int input2); ModifyInt multiplyTwoInts = (x,y) => x * y; Similarly, an empty set of parentheses indicates that the function does not accept parameters. ...

Unlike an expression lambda, a statement lambda can contain multiple statements separated by semicolons. delegate void ModifyInt(int input); ModifyInt addOneAndTellMe = x => { int result = x + 1; Console.WriteLine(result); }; Note that the statements are enclosed in braces {}. ...

For null values: Nullable<int> i = null; Or: int? i = null; Or: var i = (int?)null; For non-null values: Nullable<int> i = 0; Or: int? i = 0;

int? i = null; if (i != null) { Console.WriteLine("i is not null"); } else { Console.WriteLine("i is null"); } Which is the same as: if (i.HasValue) { Console.WriteLine("i is not null"); } else { Console.WriteLine("i is null&quot...

Given following nullable int int? i = 10; In case default value is needed, you can assign one using null coalescing operator, GetValueOrDefault method or check if nullable int HasValue before assignment. int j = i ?? 0; int j = i.GetValueOrDefault(0); int j = i.HasValue ? i.Value : 0; The ...

See RFC 2030 for details on the SNTP protocol. using System; using System.Globalization; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Net.Sockets; class SntpClient { const int SntpPort = 123; static DateTime BaseDate = new DateTime(1900, 1, 1); static void Main(string[...

Imports System Module Program Public Sub Main() Console.WriteLine("Hello World") End Sub End Module Live Demo in Action at .NET Fiddle Introduction to Visual Basic .NET

The left-hand operand must be nullable, while the right-hand operand may or may not be. The result will be typed accordingly. Non-nullable int? a = null; int b = 3; var output = a ?? b; var type = output.GetType(); Console.WriteLine($"Output Type :{type}"); Console.WriteLine($&q...

// Connect to a target server using your ConnectionMultiplexer instance IServer server = conn.GetServer("localhost", 6379); var seq = server.Keys(); IScanningCursor scanningCursor = (IScanningCursor)seq; // Use the cursor in some way...

It is possible to use multiple nested using statements without added multiple levels of nested braces. For example: using (var input = File.OpenRead("input.txt")) { using (var output = File.OpenWrite("output.txt")) { input.CopyTo(output); } // output is ...