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> redirect the standard output (aka STDOUT) of the current command into a file or another descriptor. These examples write the output of the ls command into the file file.txt ls >file.txt > file.txt ls The target file is created if it doesn't exists, otherwise this file is truncated. ...

< reads from its right argument and writes to its left argument. To write a file into STDIN we should read /tmp/a_file and write into STDIN i.e 0</tmp/a_file Note: Internal file descriptor defaults to 0 (STDIN) for < $ echo "b" > /tmp/list.txt $ echo "a" >> ...

File descriptors like 0 and 1 are pointers. We change what file descriptors point to with redirection. >/dev/null means 1 points to /dev/null. First we point 1 (STDOUT) to /dev/null then point 2 (STDERR) to whatever 1 points to. # STDERR is redirect to STDOUT: redirected to /dev/null, # effect...

2 is STDERR. $ echo_to_stderr 2>/dev/null # echos nothing Definitions: echo_to_stderr is a command that writes "stderr" to STDERR echo_to_stderr () { echo stderr >&2 } $ echo_to_stderr stderr

Runtime errors in JavaScript are instances of the Error object. The Error object can also be used as-is, or as the base for user-defined exceptions. It's possible to throw any type of value - for example, strings - but you're strongly encouraged to use Error or one of it's derivatives to ensure that...

In the same module Inside a module named "MyModule", Xcode generates a header named MyModule-Swift.h which exposes public Swift classes to Objective-C. Import this header in order to use the Swift classes: // MySwiftClass.swift in MyApp import Foundation // The class must be `public`...

If MyFramework contains Objective-C classes in its public headers (and the umbrella header), then import MyFramework is all that's necessary to use them from Swift. Bridging headers A bridging header makes additional Objective-C and C declarations visible to Swift code. When adding project files, ...

To create a new Date object use the Date() constructor: with no arguments Date() creates a Date instance containing the current time (up to milliseconds) and date. with one integer argument Date(m) creates a Date instance containing the time and date corresponding to the Epoch time (...

Data Manipulation Language (DML for short) includes operations such as INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE: -- Create a table HelloWorld CREATE TABLE HelloWorld ( Id INT IDENTITY, Description VARCHAR(1000) ) -- DML Operation INSERT, inserting a row into the table INSERT INTO HelloWorld (D...

If the preprocessor encounters an #error directive, compilation is halted and the diagnostic message included is printed. #define DEBUG #ifdef DEBUG #error "Debug Builds Not Supported" #endif int main(void) { return 0; } Possible output: $ gcc error.c error.c: error: #e...

The searched CASE returns results when a boolean expression is TRUE. (This differs from the simple case, which can only check for equivalency with an input.) SELECT Id, ItemId, Price, CASE WHEN Price < 10 THEN 'CHEAP' WHEN Price < 20 THEN 'AFFORDABLE' ELSE 'EXPENSIVE' E...

from collections import Counter c = Counter(["a", "b", "c", "d", "a", "b", "a", "c", "d"]) c # Out: Counter({'a': 3, 'b': 2, 'c': 2, 'd': 2}) c["a"] # Out: 3 c[7] # not in the list (7 oc...

Counting the keys of a Mapping isn't possible with collections.Counter but we can count the values: from collections import Counter adict = {'a': 5, 'b': 3, 'c': 5, 'd': 2, 'e':2, 'q': 5} Counter(adict.values()) # Out: Counter({2: 2, 3: 1, 5: 3}) The most common elements are avaiable by the m...

Python 3.2+ has support for %z format when parsing a string into a datetime object. UTC offset in the form +HHMM or -HHMM (empty string if the object is naive). Python 3.x3.2 import datetime dt = datetime.datetime.strptime("2016-04-15T08:27:18-0500", "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%z"...

const fs = require('fs'); // Read the contents of the directory /usr/local/bin asynchronously. // The callback will be invoked once the operation has either completed // or failed. fs.readdir('/usr/local/bin', (err, files) => { // On error, show it and return if(err) return console.er...

Sometimes you have a module that you only want to import so its top-level code gets run. This is useful for polyfills, other globals, or configuration that only runs once when your module is imported. Given a file named test.js: console.log('Initializing...') You can use it like this: import '...

The keyword 'using' has three flavors. Combined with keyword 'namespace' you write a 'using directive': If you don't want to write Foo:: in front of every stuff in the namespace Foo, you can use using namespace Foo; to import every single thing out of Foo. namespace Foo { void bar() {} ...

Counter is a dict sub class that allows you to easily count objects. It has utility methods for working with the frequencies of the objects that you are counting. import collections counts = collections.Counter([1,2,3]) the above code creates an object, counts, which has the frequencies of all ...

collections.defaultdict(default_factory) returns a subclass of dict that has a default value for missing keys. The argument should be a function that returns the default value when called with no arguments. If there is nothing passed, it defaults to None. >>> state_capitals = collections.d...

A std::vector can be initialized in several ways while declaring it: C++11 std::vector<int> v{ 1, 2, 3 }; // v becomes {1, 2, 3} // Different from std::vector<int> v(3, 6) std::vector<int> v{ 3, 6 }; // v becomes {3, 6} // Different from std::vector<int> v{3, ...