Some of the log4net appenders are buffered appenders. These appenders will only log when a certain amount of messages are logged. Some samples are the SmtpAppender, RemotingAppender or the AdoNetAppender. These appenders have a setting BufferSize:
<bufferSize value="100" />
This means that the logger will log when there are 100 messages in the buffer. When you want to test the appender you can set the bufferSize to 1.
If you what the buffer to be flushed on an error, you can use an evaluator:
<evaluator type="log4net.Core.LevelEvaluator">
<threshold value="ERROR"/>
</evaluator>
If the condition of the evaluator is met, the buffer will be flushed.