Tutorial by Examples: var

We can illustrate this problem with the following pseudo-code function foo() { global $bob; $bob->doSomething(); } Your first question here is an obvious one Where did $bob come from? Are you confused? Good. You've just learned why globals are confusing and considered a bad p...

dynamic foo = 123; Console.WriteLine(foo + 234); // 357 Console.WriteLine(foo.ToUpper()) // RuntimeBinderException, since int doesn't have a ToUpper method foo = "123"; Console.WriteLine(foo + 234); // 123234 Console.WriteLine(foo.ToUpper()): // NOW A STRING

To explicitly declare variables in VBA, use the Dim statement, followed by the variable name and type. If a variable is used without being declared, or if no type is specified, it will be assigned the type Variant. Use the Option Explicit statement on first line of a module to force all variables t...

Modules can have a special variable named __all__ to restrict what variables are imported when using from mymodule import *. Given the following module: # mymodule.py __all__ = ['imported_by_star'] imported_by_star = 42 not_imported_by_star = 21 Only imported_by_star is imported when usi...

Scope A variable can be declared (in increasing visibility level): At procedure level, using the Dim keyword in any procedure; a local variable. At module level, using the Private keyword in any type of module; a private field. At instance level, using the Friend keyword in any type of class m...

If a name is bound inside a function, it is by default accessible only within the function: def foo(): a = 5 print(a) # ok print(a) # NameError: name 'a' is not defined Control flow constructs have no impact on the scope (with the exception of except), but accessing variable that w...

There is already a function sum(). As a result, if we name a variable with the same name sum = 1+3; and if we try to use the function while the variable still exists in the workspace A = rand(2); sum(A,1) we will get the cryptic error: Subscript indices must either be real positive integer...

Use of global variables is generally discouraged. It makes your program more difficult to understand, and harder to debug. But sometimes using a global variable is acceptable. global.h #ifndef GLOBAL_DOT_H /* This is an "include guard" */ #define GLOBAL_DOT_H /** * This tells ...

Variables inside single quotes ' don't get expanded by POSIX compatible shells, so using a shell variable in a sed substitution requires the use of double quotes " instead of single quotes ': $ var="he" $ echo "hello" | sed "s/$var/XX/" XXllo $ var="he&q...

Using environment variables is a widely used way to setting an app's config depending on it environment, as stated in The Twelve-Factor App. As configurations are likely to change between deployment environments, this is a very interesting way to modify the configuration without having to dig in th...

If the variable contains a value of an immutable type (e.g. a string) then it is okay to assign a default value like this class Rectangle(object): def __init__(self, width, height, color='blue'): self.width = width self.height = height self.color = color d...

When Fortran was originally developed memory was at a premium. Variables and procedure names could have a maximum of 6 characters, and variables were often implicitly typed. This means that the first letter of the variable name determines its type. variables beginning with i, j, ..., n are intege...

Declaration-site variance can be thought of as declaration of use-site variance once and for all the use-sites. class Consumer<in T> { fun consume(t: T) { ... } } fun charSequencesConsumer() : Consumer<CharSequence>() = ... val stringConsumer : Consumer<String> = cha...

Use-site variance is similar to Java wildcards: Out-projection: val takeList : MutableList<out SomeType> = ... // Java: List<? extends SomeType> val takenValue : SomeType = takeList[0] // OK, since upper bound is SomeType takeList.add(takenValue) // Error, lower bound for...

Binary data types of either fixed length or variable length. Syntax: BINARY [ ( n_bytes ) ] VARBINARY [ ( n_bytes | max ) ] n_bytes can be any number from 1 to 8000 bytes. max indicates that the maximum storage space is 2^31-1. Examples: SELECT CAST(12345 AS BINARY(10)) -- 0x0000000000000000...

String data types of either fixed length or variable length. Syntax: CHAR [ ( n_chars ) ] VARCHAR [ ( n_chars ) ] Examples: SELECT CAST('ABC' AS CHAR(10)) -- 'ABC ' (padded with spaces on the right) SELECT CAST('ABC' AS VARCHAR(10)) -- 'ABC' (no padding due to variable character) SELE...

UNICODE string data types of either fixed length or variable length. Syntax: NCHAR [ ( n_chars ) ] NVARCHAR [ ( n_chars | MAX ) ] Use MAX for very long strings that may exceed 8000 characters.

Variables hold data. Name them after what they're used for, not after their data type or scope, using a noun. If you feel compelled to number your variables (e.g. thing1, thing2, thing3), then consider using an appropriate data structure instead (e.g. an array, a Collection, or a Dictionary). Names...

You can use the Enumerable class alongside Linq queries to convert for loops into Linq one liners. Select Example Opposed to doing this: var asciiCharacters = new List<char>(); for (var x = 0; x < 256; x++) { asciiCharacters.Add((char)x); } You can do this: var asciiCharacter...

The dynamics of the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) are described by the following stochastic differential equation (SDE): I can use the exact solution to the SDE to generate paths that follow a GBM. Given daily parameters for a year-long simulation mu = 0.08/250; sigma = 0.25/sqrt(...