Tutorial by Examples: l

if, elif, and else

In Python you can define a series of conditionals using if for the first one, elif for the rest, up until the final (optional) else for anything not caught by the other conditionals. number = 5 if number > 2: print("Number is bigger than 2.") elif number < 2: # Optional cl...

Python Language • Conditionals

Conditional Expression (or "The Ternary Operator")

The ternary operator is used for inline conditional expressions. It is best used in simple, concise operations that are easily read. The order of the arguments is different from many other languages (such as C, Ruby, Java, etc.), which may lead to bugs when people unfamiliar with Python's "s...

Python Language • Conditionals

Stateful Lenses

Lens operators have useful variants that operate in stateful contexts. They are obtained by replacing ~ with = in the operator name. (+~) :: Num a => ASetter s t a a -> a -> s -> t (+=) :: (MonadState s m, Num a) => ASetter' s a -> a -> m () Note: The stateful variants ar...

Haskell Language • Lens

Sample XML (without namespaces)

Here is some sample XML against which example XPaths can be written: <r> <e a="1"/> <f a="2" b="1">Text 1</f> <f/> <g> <i c="2">Text 2</i> Text 3 <j>Text 4</j> </g&gt...

xpath • Getting started with xpath

Select text

For the sample XML (without namespaces): This XPath, /r/f/text() will select the text node with this string value: "Text 1" And this XPath, string(/r/f) will return the string value of f, which is also: "Text 1"

xpath • Getting started with xpath

Select an element

For the sample XML (without namespaces): This XPath, /r/e will select this element: <e a="1"/>

xpath • Getting started with xpath

Implicit conversion

JavaScript will try to automatically convert variables to more appropriate types upon use. It's usually advised to do conversions explicitly (see other examples), but it's still worth knowing what conversions take place implicitly. "1" + 5 === "15" // 5 got converted to string. ...

JavaScript • Variable coercion/conversion

Single required parameter

def say_hello_to(name) puts "Hello #{name}" end say_hello_to('Charles') # Hello Charles

Ruby Language • Methods

Multiple required parameters

def greet(greeting, name) puts "#{greeting} #{name}" end greet('Hi', 'Sophie') # Hi Sophie

Ruby Language • Methods

Default parameters

def make_animal_sound(sound = 'Cuack') puts sound end make_animal_sound('Mooo') # Mooo make_animal_sound # Cuack It's possible to include defaults for multiple arguments: def make_animal_sound(sound = 'Cuack', volume = 11) play_sound(sound, volume) end make_animal_so...

Ruby Language • Methods

Optional parameter(s) (splat operator)

def welcome_guests(*guests) guests.each { |guest| puts "Welcome #{guest}!" } end welcome_guests('Tom') # Welcome Tom! welcome_guests('Rob', 'Sally', 'Lucas') # Welcome Rob! # Welcome Sally! # W...

Ruby Language • Methods

Basic String manipulation

fn main() { // Statically allocated string slice let hello = "Hello world"; // This is equivalent to the previous one let hello_again: &'static str = "Hello world"; // An empty String let mut string = String::new(); // An empty String ...

Rust • Strings

Traits to facilitate horizontal code reuse

Let's say we have an interface for logging: interface Logger { function log($message); } Now say we have two concrete implementations of the Logger interface: the FileLogger and the ConsoleLogger. class FileLogger implements Logger { public function log($message) { // Append...

PHP • Traits

Availability

Arrays are available in most programming languages, often using square [] or round () brackets to access the elements, e.g. Carray[6] or VBarray(6).

arrays • Getting started with arrays

Calling a function from another C file

foo.h #ifndef FOO_DOT_H /* This is an "include guard" */ #define FOO_DOT_H /* prevents the file from being included twice. */ /* Including a header file twice causes all kinds */ /* of interesting problems.*/ /** * This is a functi...

C Language • Declarations

Using a Global Variable

Use of global variables is generally discouraged. It makes your program more difficult to understand, and harder to debug. But sometimes using a global variable is acceptable. global.h #ifndef GLOBAL_DOT_H /* This is an "include guard" */ #define GLOBAL_DOT_H /** * This tells ...

C Language • Declarations

Forcing a static constructor to be called

While static constructors are always called before the first usage of a type it's sometimes useful to be able to force them to be called and the RuntimeHelpers class provide an helper for it: using System.Runtime.CompilerServices; // ... RuntimeHelpers.RunClassConstructor(typeof(Foo).TypeHand...

C# Language • Constructors and Finalizers

Installation or Setup

To prepare your web site or web application to use Kendo UI, simply add the style and script files in the <head> section of your page. CDN services are provided for the minified versions of official Kendo UI releases, for both HTTP and HTTPS protocols. JQuery is also required to use Kendo UI...

kendo-ui • Getting started with kendo-ui

Singleton Class

What is a Singleton Class? A singleton class returns the same instance no matter how many times an application requests it. Unlike a regular class, A singleton object provides a global point of access to the resources of its class. When to Use Singleton Classes? Singletons are used in situations ...

Objective-C Language • Classes and Objects

Create a box-and-whisker plot with boxplot() {graphics}

This example use the default boxplot() function and the irisdata frame. > head(iris) Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa 3 4.7 3.2 ...

R Language • boxplot