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var closureVar: (<parameters>) -> (<returnType>) // As a variable or property type typealias ClosureType = (<parameters>) -> (<returnType>) { [<captureList>] (<parameters>) <throws-ness> -> <returnType> in <statements> } // Complete ...

global a, b, c nonlocal a, b x = something # binds x (x, y) = something # binds x and y x += something # binds x. Similarly for all other "op=" del x # binds x for x in something: # binds x with something as x: # binds x except Exception as ex: # binds ex inside block ...

class Name #some code describing the class behavior end Class names in Ruby are Constants, so the first letter should be a capital. class Cat # correct end class dog # wrong, throws an error end

When it comes to storing, reading, or communicating data, working with the files of an operating system is both necessary and easy with Python. Unlike other languages where file input and output requires complex reading and writing objects, Python simplifies the process only needing commands to open...

For full documentation including version-specific functionality, please check the official documentation. Types Defaults the json module will handle encoding and decoding of the below types by default: De-serialisation types: JSONPythonobjectdictarrayliststringstrnumber (int)intnumber (...

The HTML <table> element allows web authors to display tabular data (such as text, images, links, other tables, etc.) in a two dimensional table with rows and columns of cells. <table></table> <thead></thead> <tbody></tbody> <tfoot></tfoot&...

A key component of interactive web systems, input tags are HTML elements designed to take a specific form of input from users. Different types of input elements can regulate the data entered to fit a specified format and provide security to password entry. <input type="" name=&quo...

str.capitalize() -> str str.casefold() -> str [only for Python > 3.3] str.center(width[, fillchar]) -> str str.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int str.decode(encoding="utf-8"[, errors]) -> unicode [only in Python 2.x] str.encode(encoding="utf-8"...

timeoutID = setTimeout(function() {}, milliseconds) intervalID = setInterval(function() {}, milliseconds) timeoutID = setTimeout(function() {}, milliseconds, parameter, parameter, ...) intervalID = setInterval(function() {}, milliseconds, parameter, parameter, ...) clearTimeout(timeoutID) cle...

Generator functions (defined by the function* keyword) run as coroutines, generating a series of values as they're requested through an iterator. function* name(parameters) { yield value; return value } generator = name(arguments) { value, done } = generator.next(value) { value, done } = ge...

Array is an ordered, random-access collection type. Arrays are one of the most commonly used data types in an app. We use the Array type to hold elements of a single type, the array's Element type. An array can store any kind of elements---from integers to strings to classes. Array<Element...

Metaclasses allow you to deeply modify the behaviour of Python classes (in terms of how they're defined, instantiated, accessed, and more) by replacing the type metaclass that new classes use by default. When designing your architecture, consider that many things which can be accomplished with...

A Hash is a dictionary-like collection of unique keys and their values. Also called associative arrays, they are similar to Arrays, but where an Array uses integers as its index, a Hash allows you to use any object type. You retrieve or create a new entry in a Hash by referring to its key. ...

obj[start:stop:step] slice(stop) slice(start, stop[, step]) ParamerDescriptionobjThe object that you want to extract a "sub-object" fromstartThe index of obj that you want the sub-object to start from (keep in mind that Python is zero-indexed, meaning that the first item of obj h...

Generators are lazy iterators created by generator functions (using yield) or generator expressions (using (an_expression for x in an_iterator)). yield <expr> yield from <expr> <var> = yield <expr> next(<iter>)

Styles can be authored in several ways, allowing for varying degrees of reuse and scope when they are specified in a source HTML document. External stylesheets can be reused across HTML documents. Embedded stylesheets apply to the entire document in which they are specified. Inline styles apply on...

Xcode is an integrated development environment for macOS which supports the development of native apps for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Xcode is the successor to NeXT's Project Builder and PBX. (In fact, Xcode's project manifest files are still named with the .pbxproj extension.) Xcode releas...