Some API calls can succeed or fail in more than one way. The APIs commonly return additional information for both successful invocations as well as errors (e.g. CreateMutex).
if ( CreateMutexW( NULL, TRUE, L"Global\\MyNamedMutex" ) == NULL ) {
// Failure: get additional information.
DWORD dwError = GetLastError();
} else {
// Success: Determine which mutex was returned.
if ( GetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS ) {
// Existing mutex object returned.
} else {
// Newly created mutex object returned.
}
}