We need to create a container to mount the volume. Then archive it and download the archive to our host.
Let's create first a data volume with some data:
docker volume create --name=data
echo "Hello World" | docker run -i --rm=true -v data:/data ubuntu:trusty tee /data/hello.txt
Let's backup the data:
docker run -d --name backup -v data:/data ubuntu:trusty tar -czvf /tmp/data.tgz /data
docker cp backup:/tmp/data.tgz data.tgz
docker rm -fv backup
Let's test:
tar -xzvf data.tgz
cat data/hello.txt