Docker is just a fancy way to run a process, not a virtual machine. Therefore, debugging a process "in a container" is also possible "on the host" by simply examining the running container process as a user with the appropriate permissions to inspect those processes on the host (e.g. root). For example, it's possible to list every "container process" on the host by running a simple ps
as root:
sudo ps aux
Any currently running Docker containers will be listed in the output.
This can be useful during application development for debugging a process running in a container. As a user with appropriate permissions, typical debugging utilities can be used on the container process, such as strace, ltrace, gdb, etc.