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int a = 6; // 0110b (0x06) int b = 10; // 1010b (0x0A) int c = a & b; // 0010b (0x02) std::cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << ", c = " << c << std::endl; Output a = 6, b = 10, c = 2 Why A bit wise A...

int a = 5; // 0101b (0x05) int b = 12; // 1100b (0x0C) int c = a | b; // 1101b (0x0D) std::cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << ", c = " << c << std::endl; Output a = 5, b = 12, c = 13 Why A bit wise OR o...

int a = 5; // 0101b (0x05) int b = 9; // 1001b (0x09) int c = a ^ b; // 1100b (0x0C) std::cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << ", c = " << c << std::endl; Output a = 5, b = 9, c = 12 Why A bit wise XOR (...

unsigned char a = 234; // 1110 1010b (0xEA) unsigned char b = ~a; // 0001 0101b (0x15) std::cout << "a = " << static_cast<int>(a) << ", b = " << static_cast<int>(b) << std::endl; Output a = 234, b = 21 Why A b...

int a = 1; // 0001b int b = a << 1; // 0010b std::cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << std::endl; Output a = 1, b = 2 Why The left bit wise shift will shift the bits of the left hand value (a) the number specified on the right...

int a = 2; // 0010b int b = a >> 1; // 0001b std::cout << "a = " << a << ", b = " << b << std::endl; Output a = 2, b = 1 Why The right bit wise shift will shift the bits of the left hand value (a) the number specified on the righ...

Some API calls can succeed or fail in more than one way. The APIs commonly return additional information for both successful invocations as well as errors (e.g. CreateMutex). if ( CreateMutexW( NULL, TRUE, L"Global\\MyNamedMutex" ) == NULL ) { // Failure: get additional information. ...

HRESULTs are numeric 32-bit values, where bits or bit ranges encode well-defined information. The MSB is a failure/success flag, with the remaining bits storing additional information. Failure or success can be determined using the FAILED or SUCCEEDED macros. HRESULTs are commonly used with COM, but...

When implementing SFINAE using std::enable_if, it is often useful to have access to helper templates that determines if a given type T matches a set of criteria. To help us with that, the standard already provides two types analog to true and false which are std::true_type and std::false_type. The...

Add the following code (known as the "JavaScript tracking snippet") to your site's templates. The code should be added before the closing tag, and the string 'UA-XXXXX-Y' should be replaced with the property ID (also called the "tracking ID") of the Google Analytics property yo...

CSS body { counter-reset: item-counter; } .item { counter-increment: item-counter; } .item:before { content: counter(item-counter, upper-roman) ". "; /* by specifying the upper-roman as style the output would be in roman numbers */ } HTML <div class='item'>Item...

CSS body { counter-reset: item-counter; /* create the counter */ } .item { counter-increment: item-counter; /* increment the counter every time an element with class "item" is encountered */ } .item-header:before { content: counter(item-counter) ". "; /* print the v...

A HTTP 500 Internal Server Error is a general message meaning that the server encountered something unexpected. Applications (or the overarching web server) should use a 500 when there's an error processing the request - i.e. an exception is thrown, or a condition of the resource prevents the proces...

Use 403 Forbidden when a client has requested a resource that is inaccessible due to existing access controls. For example, if your app has an /admin route that should only be accessible to users with administrative rights, you can use 403 when a normal user requests the page. GET /admin HTTP/1.1 ...

Start with iter() built-in to get iterator over iterable and use next() to get elements one by one until StopIteration is raised signifying the end: s = {1, 2} # or list or generator or even iterator i = iter(s) # get iterator a = next(i) # a = 1 b = next(i) # b = 2 c = next(i) # raises S...

def gen(): yield 1 iterable = gen() for a in iterable: print a # What was the first item of iterable? No way to get it now. # Only to get a new iterator gen()

You can write the default protocol implementation for a specific class. protocol MyProtocol { func doSomething() } extension MyProtocol where Self: UIViewController { func doSomething() { print("UIViewController default protocol implementation") } } class M...

Generic classes can be inherited: // Models class MyFirstModel { } class MySecondModel: MyFirstModel { } // Generic classes class MyFirstGenericClass<T: MyFirstModel> { func doSomethingWithModel(model: T) { // Do something here } } class MySecondGe...

In order to efficiently handle cycle detection, we consider each node as part of a tree. When adding an edge, we check if its two component nodes are part of distinct trees. Initially, each node makes up a one-node tree. algorithm kruskalMST'(G: a graph) sort G's edges by their value MST ...