With hierarchical clustering, outliers often show up as one-point clusters.
Generate three Gaussian distributions to illustrate the effect of outliers.
    set.seed(656)
    x = c(rnorm(150, 0, 1), rnorm(150,9,1), rnorm(150,4.5,1))
    y = c(rnorm(150, 0, 1), rnorm(150,0,1), rnorm(150,5,1))
   ...