Scale a rectangle horizontally by factor 2 and vertically by factor 0.5:
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<rect x="10" y="10" width="40" height="40" transform="scale(2, 0.5)" />
</svg>
The result is equivalent to
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<rect x="20" y="5" width="80" height="20" />
</svg>
Mirror a rectangle horizontally:
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<rect x="0" y="0" width="20" height="40" transform="scale(-1, 1)" />
</svg>
Scale does operate in relation to the origin, so this is equivalent to
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<rect x="-20" y="0" width="20" height="40" />
</svg>