let name = json["name"] as? String ?? ""
// Output: john
let name = json["name"] as? String // Output: Optional("john")
let name = rank as? Int // Output: Optional(1)
let name = rank as? Int ?? 0 // Output: 1
let name = dictionary as? [String: Any] ?? [:] // Output: ["name" : "john", "subjects": ["Maths", "Science", "English", "C Language"]]