Tutorial by Topics: typ

Type qualifiers are the keywords which describe additional semantics about a type. They are an integral part of type signatures. They can appear both at the topmost level of a declaration (directly affecting the identifier) or at sub-levels (relevant to pointers only, affecting the pointed-to valu...

Please play with these concepts yourself to really master them! The elm-repl (see the Introduction to the REPL) is probably a good place to play around with the code above. You can also play with elm-repl online.

The typedef mechanism allows the creation of aliases for other types. It does not create new types. People often use typedef to improve the portability of code, to give aliases to structure or union types, or to create aliases for function (or function pointer) types. In the C standard, typedef i...

let variableName: VariableType; function functionName(parameterName: VariableType, parameterWithDefault: VariableType = ParameterDefault, optionalParameter?: VariableType, ...variardicParameter: VariableType[]): ReturnType { /*...*/};

Type erasure is a set of techniques for creating a type that can provide a uniform interface to various underlying types, while hiding the underlying type information from the client. std::function<R(A...)>, which has the ability to hold callable objects of various types, is perhaps the best k...

dtypes are not native to pandas. They are a result of pandas close architectural coupling to numpy. the dtype of a column does not in any way have to correlate to the python type of the object contained in the column. Here we have a pd.Series with floats. The dtype will be float. Then we use as...

In all cases when extending types and modules, the extending code must be added/loaded before the code that is to call it. It must also be made available to the calling code by opening/importing the relevant namespaces.

Passing by reference: public void Double(ref int numberToDouble) { } Introduction Value types Value types are the simpler of the two. Value types are often used to represent data itself. An integer, a Boolean or a point in 3D space are all examples of good value types. Value types (s...

let name = json["name"] as? String ?? "" // Output: john let name = json["name"] as? String // Output: Optional("john") let name = rank as? Int // Output: Optional(1) let name = rank as? Int ?? 0 // Output: 1 let name = dictionary as? [...